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Refractories are heat-resistant materials that constitute the linings for high-temperature furnaces and reactors and other processing units. There are a number of industries dependent on heat processing and thus on refractory materials. These include metals extraction and processing, ceramics, glass, refining and petrochemical, waste incineration, semiconductor, and many more. In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat. Metals with a high degree of refraction are referred to as refractory. These metals derive their high melting temperatures from strong inter-atomic bonding to each other. Metals in this group include molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, and tantalum. These materials are also noted for their high elastic modulus and hardness.
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